The Bio Psychosocial Model In Healthcare

The Bio Psychosocial Model In Healthcare The theory of bio-psychosocial model was introduced in 1977 by Mr. George Engel, a professor of psychiatry and medicine. It is a comprehensive model explicating a strong relationship between health and disease by integrating cultural, social, and psychological considerations (Engel 1977, p. 132). There has been a consistent effort since 1980s to examine the interconnectedness between social, psychological, behavioural factors and the functioning of immune system to explore their contribution in causing human illness (Karren, Hafen, Smith, Frandsen, 2002; Kiecolt-Glasser, McGuire, Robles, Glasser, 2002) followed by a bio-psychosocial model. The bio-psychosocial interventions are conceptualized to target the combination of biological, psychological and sociological factors that contribute in deteriorating human body functions thus producing illness. These interventions are the collaborative efforts with service users by integrating a number of evidence based practices by encompassing the medical, social and psychological paradigm with intent to accomplish swift recovery (Brooker Brabban 2004). The main objective of these interventions is to analyze and identify the underlying causes of the disease by evaluating the causes of biological dysfunction, psychological problems affecting mental and emotional health and assessing the sociological issues including marital status, financial positioning, culture or religion that may serve as the root cause of sickness. The core elements of bio-psychological interventions are the management of medication, symptoms and relapses, the cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for psychosis, collaborative assessments and structured family interventions. The effectiveness and responsiveness of mental health services rely upon the easy access of psychological interventions to the people diagnosed with severe and enduring mental health issues (Layard 2004). The Department of Health has been consistently emphasizing on the need for Ear ly Interventions in Psychosis Services (EIPS) and bio-psychosocial interventions specifically focussing on CBT, to be implemented across diverse clinical settings particularly in acute inpatient units (DoH 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006). The accessibility of such interventions facilitates in optimizing treatment concordance, reducing relapse rate and mental health problems and improves the overall clinical outcome which encourages resurgence of patients wellbeing (Gray et al. 2001). However, it is significant to note that psychosocial interventions can only be effective when implemented with the help and support of adequately trained healthcare workforce. 1.1 Rationale of the Study In accordance with the fundamentals of bio-psychosocial models, it can be constituted that the core forerunner of an ailment belongs to the three vital elements including physical, psychological, and socio-cultural components. Stevens Smith, (2005), in their study examined the bio-psychosocial model and constituted that it helps in comprehending with the interactive and reciprocal effects of environment, genetics, and mental behaviour (Stevens Smith, 2005, p. 25). To support the validity of the bio-psychosocial model, several pragmatic evidences have been put forward advocating the relationship of social, psychological and immunological factors that produce negative impacts on human health conditions (Trilling, 2000). Over the last decade, the need for education and training of healthcare workers in order to develop their PSI skills has been amplified however, the literature suggests that the implementation of PSI in routine service provision is extremely challenging (Kelly Gamble 2005). This paper is designed to examine the role of psychiatric in an acute in-patient ward. Moreover, the study in intended to highlight the policy and research related to bio-psychosocial interventions that help in managing crisis and complexities of an acute ward. The study will also facilitate in identifying the barriers of implementing psychosocial interventions and thereby, propose effectual strategies to prevail over these difficulties. 2. NATIONAL POLICIES FOR MENTAL HEALTH Mental illness along with cancer care and coronary heart disease were identified as the three national priorities in the year 2000 followed by which the UK government increased the funds for NHS up to 9% of GDP (Kings Fund, 2005). The budgetary limits for adult mental health services were also extended from  £983m to  £3,770m in 2001-2002 and up to  £4,679m in 2005-2006 (Mental Health Strategies, 2006) and it was also constituted that maximum financial resources will be utilized to support the inpatient services (Mental Health Strategies, 2006). The evidences suggest that the acute inpatient units have been facing a tremendous amount of dissatisfaction (MIND, 2004) and therefore, numerous healthcare bodies including Department of Health (DoH), the National Institute for Mental Health England (NIMHE) and Care Services Improvement Partnership (CSIP) collaborated to institute acute inpatient programme (DoH, 2002). The collaborative efforts by these healthcare bodies resulted in th e development of standard policies and guidelines for the betterment of acute inpatient services (Healthcare Commission 2007). Concerned with the conditions of mental health treatment, the national guidelines on acute psychiatric care were published in 2002 as the acute inpatient services were considered to be unsatisfactory (Department of Health, 2002a: 3). The main objective to institute standard policies and guidelines in accordance with Mental Health Act Commission is to ensure that all the inpatient mental health services are consistent in providing their patients with adequate sense of privacy, security and absolute care (MHAC, 2005: 19). ACUTE IN-PATIENT WARDS In accordance with the description proposed by the Department of Health (2002), the main purpose of introducing acute wards is to offer high standards of humane treatment and care facilities readily available to the patients within a safe and therapeutic setting during the most acute and vulnerable stage of their illness (DoH, 2002a: 5). The acute inpatient services have been developed to ensure that the spread of diseases is lessened and maximum treatment and support is made available for the patients that are unable to be treated in an alternative, less restrictive setting (********). The acute in-patients wards are meant to facilitate both health care providers and service users however, a number of studies have illuminated on the difficulties of managing the acute in-patient wards. A series of issues has been outlined by various studies including leadership crisis, deficient clinical skills and poor risk management process (SNMAC, 1999). The robustness of interaction between nurs e and patient and lack of therapeutic activities has also been questioned (Ford, Duncan and Warner, 1998); and a number of studies indicated a frequent state of confusion and chaos that builds up in the in-patient acute wards (SCMH, 1998). The effectiveness of CBT for psychosis is also challenged where there is a lot of complaint about non-therapeutic environment and non-cooperating overworked staff (MIND, 2004). Several studies also point out the dissatisfaction of patients due to surplus admissions in wards causing uneasiness and certain overly restrictive rules ended up in lack of privacy. The issues of in-patient acute wards also involved grievances of patients having less or no formation about treatment and which is considered to be unresponsiveness towards their civil rights (Walton, 2000). The study is therefore, focussed to critically examine the underlying issues and dig in the factors that aggravate them in order to suggest effective management strategies to improve the re ceptiveness of the nurses and open ways for easy accessibility to highly developed in-patient wards. ROLE OF NURSE IN ACUTE IN-PATIENT WARDS A critical care nurse working in acute in-patient ward has comprehensive mix of knowledge, skills and competencies required to fulfil the needs of a critically ill patient without having a direct supervision of a ward manager. The blend of knowledge, skills and competencies are not characterised by the therapeutic setting including intensive care unit or a high dependency ward instead, these blend of knowledge, skills and competencies must compliment the needs of psychotic patients. Psychotic patients need extensive care in order to reduce the chances of ill-fated crisis and complications. The level of therapeutic care can be enhanced by the careful interventions of experienced critical care nurses having advanced observational skills and holistic approach to deal with both the psychotic patients and their families. Following are some basic interventions employed by the critical care nurses in an acute in-patient ward to maximize operational efficiencies. 4.1 Ensure Positive Alignment Acute in-patient wards are critical in nature and therefore, a tactful and positive alignment of nurse-managers and nurse-patients is essential to maintain a functional ward. The role of nurse in an acute patient ward is to effectively respond to patients requests and offer maximum level of help and information. Patients are entirely dependent on nurses as they are the key point of contact in a ward and therefore, it becomes imperative for the nurses to establish a respect element for their clinical ability. Working closely with managers and regular staff meetings are all part of positive alignment that ensures smooth work process of an in-patient acute ward. 4.2 Supporting the Ward Manager A high-quality therapeutic skill of the nurse is to understand the organizational hierarchies and respect the decisions of the ward manager. Ward leader is involved in the positioning and staffing and the most crucial element of ward managers job description is to take prompt decisions. Acute wards are critical in nature so chaos and confusion adversely affects the mental health of patient and therefore, nurses are required to perform their duties by supporting the decisions and following the rules as set by the ward manager. 4.3 Safety and Containment Nurses in the acute in-patient wards are required to safe management system and prompt resolution of acute distress. The motherly relationship between nurse and patient supports the concept of containment by the benefitting the mental health of the patient. Physical restraint is the core element of containment which helps in the therapeutic progression. The role of a nurse in psychiatric wards is fundamental in preserving the safety and containment as the skilful and qualified nurses are specifically trained to reduce anxieties and fears of the patients and supporting them to resume a balance between idealism and realism. 4.4 Effective Communication Nursing in general supports a holistic approach towards the service users and the role of nurses become even more significant in an acute in-patient wards where the patients are extremely vulnerable. Nurses are the immediate point of contact to provide significant information about the patients mental health to the interdisciplinary team and the family members of the patients. Moreover, it has been observed that a nurse-patient relationship maintain effective communication, achieves better results in terms of fast recovery. 4.5 Observation Improving Patient Outcomes Acute in-patient wards require careful observations to reduce sedation and weaning from ventilation and to offer physical rehabilitation, and psychological support in a timely manner. Role of nurses in acute wards are required to be adequately skilful to monitor the dependence of patients on support equipment and to make proactive predictions and prevention of agitation by significant interventions in case of sudden deterioration. Recovery of a psychotic patient can be enhanced by using patient-centred care and vigilant management practices to cope with reckless events (Ball and McElligot, 2002). CBT FOR PSYCHOSIS Cognitive behavioural therapy is designed to evaluate the symptoms of psychosis and at the same time examine the relative impacts of illness on the patients mental health. A psychotic patient experiences a number of difficulties in terms of isolation, societal rejection, feelings of aggression as a result of which there is an increased risk self-harm and substance misuse. The main purpose of adopting CBT for psychotic patient is to gain symptomatic and functional recovery of the patient however, in case of persistent symptoms due to disrupted developmental trajectory; it is advised to continue with the therapy. CBT develops enhanced understanding of psychotic disorders and promotes adaptation to disorder by initiating coping strategies in order to reduce the degree of secondary morbidity and prevent relapse (Trilling 2000). CBT aims to improve the emotional and mental wellbeing of patients by reducing distress and offering helpful strategies to manage the residual symptoms of psychos is in daily life. The treatment therapy for psychosis involves a number of key phases and management strategies to progress speedy recovery. 5.1 Assessment Formulation The psychosocial intervention that involves CBT for psychosis primarily requires a therapeutic alliance between the healthcare provider and the service users. The initial phase of CBT involves engagement of therapist and patient in the assessment of the illness so that the patients mental health can be analyzed and their psychotic experiences can be recorded. The assessment phase of CBT helps in identifying the problem areas, factors sustaining the problem areas and the underlying causes of the psychotic disorder. Therapists strive to understand the nature, complexity and extent of the disorder by probing in the biological, psychological and social background of illness. During the assessment phase a therapist attempts to summarize the aetiology, development and maintenance of psychotic disorder and thereby, outlines the length and frequency of necessary interventions. Engagement of both therapist and the patient facilitates in the formulation phase where a specified course of action is established to undertake the therapy. 5.2 Psycho-education The early phase of psychotic disorder is identified by the onset of certain symptoms after which a the healthcare providers diagnose the ailment by taking into account numerous theories of psychosis and a number of individual explanatory models that helps in understanding of the precise form of psychosis. The patients are required to be informed about the impacts of substance misuse, compulsory medications and the inception of warning signs in order to keep them in the loop of the overall recovery process accompanied by CBT. The psycho-education also involves details about the helpful agencies and the nature of recovery which is usually conducted as part of a group programme. Educating the patients about facts and essential information is always useful however, it is imperative that the psychosis education programs are designed in a way that the patients comprehend the concept of these programs intended to restore their mental health. Depending upon an individuals coping style and wi llingness to absorb the information, the reaction to such educating programs might differ. 5.3 Adaptation to Psychosis The theory of adaptation to psychosis entirely depends upon the patients understanding of the disorder and how he/she addresses the recovery process by reacting to the underlying situation. The process of adaptation involves acknowledging the impact of psychotic disorder on patients life by estimating the damages caused to the patients self-esteem and his/her realisation of personal potential to combat with disorder. CBT helps the psychotic patients to identify their personal strengths and limitations to fight with ailment by expanding their coping skills and formulate realistic plans to facilitate the patient. The main objective of the CBT for psychosis is to enable the patients to learn the concept of overcoming the negative aspects of life and focusing on positive things including healthy activities, friendly relationships and personal accomplishments in order to enhance their self-esteem. The psychotic patients are extremely vulnerable and cannot stand social fears which eventual ly deteriorate their mental health. CBT enables them in adapting to their psychotic conditions by making them realise their strengths and capabilities to prevail over internal fears and hence contribute significantly in the recovery process. 5.4 Treatment of Secondary Morbidity Failure in adaptation to psychosis results in secondary morbidity state in which the patient is unable to cope with internal and external fears and thereby, experiences extreme level of depression, anxiety and substance misuse. It is important that CBT for psychosis is continued and the nature of the secondary condition has to be explained to the patient. Failure in adapting to psychosis leads the psychotic patients to develop irrational beliefs and assumptions which make it even more difficult and challenging for the therapists. However, an approach of cognitive challenging supplemented by group-based interventions for anxiety management or substance misuse is followed by examining the underlying beliefs and assumptions and replacing them with rational beliefs and assumptions. 5.5 Coping Strategies A number of behavioural and cognitive strategies have been formulated to help patients work towards improved functional outcome despite of psychotic symptoms. The functional and emotional problems that arise with the positive and negative symptoms of the psychotic disorder are controlled by coping strategies included in CBT for psychosis. It is however, necessary to identify the target symptoms to manage the recovery process. The most commonly used strategies in CBT include coping strategy enhancement, distraction and focusing techniques for voices after the identification of positive symptoms (Trilling 2000). Self-monitoring of behavioural activities, scheduling of paced activities, assertiveness training and diary recording of mastery and pleasure are some of the interventions used to cope with the negative symptoms. 5.6 Relapse Prevention The relapse prevention phase is amongst the integral phase of CBT in which the therapists are required to prudently monitor and intervene where there are early warning signs for relapse. It has been constituted that after the commencement of treatment approximately 80-95% of the psychotic patients experience the relapse prevention (*******). CBT incorporates several interventions to address the issue of relapse prevention including cognitive restructuring of enduring self-schema in which there is an elevated risk of relapse. BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENT PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS The clinical effectiveness of psychosocial interventions has been emphasized in a number of evidence based studies as the significance of these interventions has exceedingly grown over the last 20 years. The growing awareness and enhanced need and inclination towards the espousal of psychosocial interventions suggest that these interventions should be routinely implemented (NICE 2002). However, there has been a considerable amount of literature indicating the potential difficulties and challenges associated with the integration of psychosocial interventions within the routine mental health service provision (Brooker Brabban 2003, Forrest Masters 2004). The challenges are multifactorial and are primarily concerned with the workforce development and education (Brooker et al. 2002, Brooker Brabban 2004, Forrest et al. 2004); clinical and managerial leadership (Cook 2001, McCann Bowers 2005); and the impact of limited resources on service development in the context of increasing dema nds (McCann Bowers 2005). 6.1 Education Training Mental health services are currently challenged by policy, service user and professional drives. In order to establish the early intervention in psychosis services a range of initiatives are required. The foremost requirement to entrench the bio-psychosocial interventions into all levels of service delivery is to maximise the number of trained practitioners (Brabban Kelly 2006). More importantly the integration of the principles of the recovery approach and evidence-based practice has to be included in the education and training of the healthcare workforce (Repper Perkins 2003, Kelly Gamble 2005, NIMHE 2005, DoH 2006). However, it is unfortunate that despite of consistently mounting awareness and need for the psychosocial interventions within the clinical settings and mental health service provisions, the fraction of PSI trained workforce is still inadequate (Layard 2004). The situation becomes more intricate when a segment of trained healthcare workforce is not practicing their P SI skills due to other contributing factors including excessive workload and lack of time, limiting the scope of implementing psychosocial interventions (Brooker Brabban 2004). 6.2 Managerial Leadership Crisis Management and the senior staff have a better understanding of the complex nature and clinical significance of PSI training and its implementation and therefore, the role of managers become crucial in determining the success and failure of implementing psychosocial interventions in acute wards. It has been observed that regular communication between managers and trainees and careful check and balance maintained by the programme leaders enables successful PSI implementation (McCann Bowers 2005). However, the managers and programme leaders find it difficult to sustain the precision of PSI implementation due to workload pressures across the service (Cook 2001). 6.3 Limited Resources The most frequent complaints and issues regarding the failure of implementing psychosocial interventions in the acute wards have been identified by the literature and the most common issues are the unprecedented gap between theory and practice. Limited resources on service development in context of increased demand also tend to hinder in successful PSI implementation (Repper Brooker 2002). In order to fill in the gaps between theory and practice of PSI implementation the aims and objectives of the interventions has to be illuminated so that the practicability of the interventions can be sustained. It is therefore, essential to improve ward-based information and clarify the ward rules for users (Flood et al, 2006). On the other hand, sufficient resources including caseload size, access to assessment and intervention materials are required to undertake the interventions (McCann Bowers 2005). 6.4 Staffing Issues Excessive workload and staffing issues are the key problems of an acute in-patient wards where there is extreme need of practising psychosocial interventions. It has been observed that even after the completion of training and courses the trainees are compelled to resume the same job description. It is extremely unfortunate that the work overload doesnt allow the trainees to utilize their skills and knowledge at an advanced level (Williams 2008). Managers of the in-patient wards also complain about the workload pressure as being the critical factor for not adjusting the job descriptions of the trainees after the completion of their relevant course. On the other hand, trainees also complain about the excess workload and lack of time to focus on and practice their PSI skills. 6.5 Excessive Workload The most problematic barriers in the implementation of PSI are the emergency excessive and unpredictable admissions of the critical psychotic cases which require immediate attention. The presence of critical care nurse is therefore, extremely significant at any point of time which is one of the major staffing issue. Critical care nurses are already under immense workload pressures and conversely, the reduction in the number of beds has added to the situation (Williams 2008). The rise in demand due to high case loads has made it extremely difficult to effectively employ the structured PSI interventions into routine work. REQUIREMENTS OFACUTE IN-PATIENT WARDS The threshold of admission in acute inpatient wards has considerably increased and the role of critical care nurses has also become more complex. Systematic assessments by highly skilled critical care nurses by involving service users and their carer allows formulating a plan for significant interventions which are targeted to reduce the burden of in-patient wards provided if the necessary care and interventions can be continued at home (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2006b).The complexity of the contemporary acute in-patient ward is enhanced by the reduction in the number of beds however, it is considered to be a small component of the multifaceted care system (Clarke, 2004). The most critical aspect of the decision making process is the comparison of psychotic patients awaiting the admission therefore, critical care nurses are required to carry out vigilant assessments by making careful considerations about the individuals circumstances (Meehan et al, 2006). Patients expect the nu rses to function in a collaborative way and treat them with respect (Baguley et al, 2007) however, a number of studies indicates dissatisfied service users complaining about the services being intimidating, demeaning and often humiliating (NIMHE, 2007). To address the underlying issues and in order to maintain the accreditation standards for the acute in-patient wards a full multidisciplinary ward round, at least once a week has been recommended (Royal College of Psychiatrists 2006b). Moreover, the government has also introduced crisis management and home intervention teams in order to lessen the burden of admissions in acute in-patient wards with intent to focus on recovery by involving community efforts. A combination of psychological and social interventions by reintegrating the service users into the community can be achieved by adopting a holistic approach. STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME THE BARRIERS A number of strategic measures have been identified by the study which is likely to enhance the benefits of implementing psycho social-interventions in the acute in-patient wards. The main objective of the proposed recommended strategies is to address extensive issues encompassing diverse areas and segments related to the acute in-patient wards, to accomplish utmost advantages for both the practitioners and service users. 8.1 Enhanced Flexibility The level of emergency admissions and dependency of patients in the critical care unit cannot be predicted and may considerably vary in between allocated shifts. The complex structure and nature of the acute in-patient units require flexibility in the number of critical care nurses per shift in order to effectively respond to changes in demand (******). Moreover, the critical care nurses are required to consistently examine the trends in elective patient admissions so that the capacity planning and nurse staffing may comply with the change in demand. 8.2 Employment of Healthcare Assistants Critical care nurses are highly skilled and trained to understand the needs of an acute in-patient ward. Therefore, while determining staffing levels, the recruitment of health care assistants must not interfere with the skill mix of critical care nurses. Considering the excessive workload pressure on the critical care nurses, it is beneficial to employ the health care assistants to facilitate in providing quality care services. However, to create a balance between critical care and general care services, it is advisable to specify the registered nursing hours so that the quality of critical care may not be compromised (Needleman et al, 2002). 8.3 Definite Policies Procedures Clearly defined policies and protocols helps in maintaining a healthy work environment and organizational structure. It is imperative to clarify the roles and responsibilities with respect to the specified job title in order to ensure that smooth workflow has been maintained across the entire ward. Moreover, definite policies and protocols also facilitate in successful implementation of PSI and practising of CBT by the trained staff. Depending upon the past experiences as a critical care nurse and knowledge of working in the critical care facility it has been recommended that for at least 30 days nurses should maintain supernumerary position in the intensive care wards (DHSSPS, 2000). To address the staffing needs, managerial support complying with policies and procedures, is required so that the chaos and confusion shall be avoided. 8.4 Professional Development Critical care services can be improved by consistent training and staff development programmes specifically designed to focus on the psychosocial interventions practice. It is highly recommended to incorporate evidence-based interventions in the curriculum of PSI-trained staff and their skills and knowledge must be employed in their respective job descriptions (Brabban and Kelly 2006). Moreover, the professional and developmental needs of the nurses working acute in-patient ward must be considered during staff appraisals to promote professional excellence of the critical care staff. 8.5 Reduce Workload Pressure Support of healthcare assistants shall be obtained to encourage superior care services by disseminating the excessive workload pressure. It has been observed that during PSI training, the staffing is greatly affected and therefore, it is advisable to utilize the replacement funds to relieve workload pressures in the critical care units. Moreover, rational strategies and centralized measures might be helpful in addressing the substitution arrangements in an effective manner. 8.6 Training and Education Development of leadership skills for critical care nurse is highly recommended for improving the PSI implementation, advanced patient care. It is also advisable to provide the critical staff with mandatory training including essential fire training, manual handling and basic life support in addition to the training for psychosocial interventions (Brabban and Kelly 2006). Moreover, a tripartite structure for communication in between ward managers, program leaders and the trainees would help in successful implementation of the psychosocial interventions. 8.7 Dissemination of Knowledge The significance of the psychosocial interventions has to be widely encouraged and therefore, the content and levels of PSI programme shall be kept diversified which may involve modular provision and training specific to certain interventions e.g. family work, medication management or clinical areas including acute inpatient, forensic etc. (*****) To establish the efficacy and implementation of the PSI, it is imperative to disseminate the basics and core PSI knowledge and values to the healthcare staff across the clinical environment. Furthermore, the local training needs for PSI shall be regularly reviewed by the stakeholders to ensure that adequately trained and skilful staff is maintained at all times to provide extensive care in critical wards. 8.8 Evaluating the Impacts of PSI Psychosocial interventions integrate collaborative participation of service users and carers at every stage including planning of services, training programs, formulation and implementation of strategies and diffusion of the recovery approach therefore, the impacts of these interventions can be evaluated by collating feedback from both critical care nurses and service users. 8.9 Regular Audits To estimate the effectiveness of the evidence

Internet Pornography: Solving Elusive Problem Essay

No one can deny the immeasurable benefits of the internet to the society as a whole. It is a limitless source of information that offers an array of helpful, constructive and educational material for people of all ages. However, like anything else, it does not come with benefits alone. Internet is highly susceptible to bring harm to users in general, and children and minors in particular, through its free and immense exposure to pornography. However small a content of the Internet on the whole this maybe, it is bound to bring a greater harm to the young minds as well as adult, than the benefits from the largely available advantageous information. This paper will examine the extent of this harm with support of latest research and literature, and the latest methods from a state and local level that are being used to combat the pervasiveness and easy access to the internet porn. Body of Paper The internet was originally built by the US military as a means of nuclear-assault-proof communication. The universities soon saw the value of a worldwide communication network and researchers from across the world began to distribute their work with contemporaries. But hackers began to break into the system so that eventually, for a small fee, it was decided to launch the network to all comers. Soon it was spread throughout the world at increasingly less cost and effort. The flow of information, knowledge and experiences thus shared was immense and of great value and benefit. However the information and content so readily available at this network has not necessarily been educational and enlightening. There is material sexually explicit in nature including pornography of all genders including children. The ironic part is that all such material is available freely without ant sort of restriction, in just a matter of keyboard punches. The internet users have a great number of children and minors who supposedly access to the internet for research and educational purposes. These children are conveniently exposed to such explicit materials, which harm their young minds and caste detrimental effects on their psychology. According to a study conducted by London School of Economics in year 2004, the children of age even as less as nine, are falling victims to the negative face of Internet every time they use it. The even more problematic element is the ignorance of parents of the risks associated with such a damaging issue. This study surveyed 1,100 children of ages between nine and nineteen and found that almost sixty percent of these regular Internet users frequently fell prey to the hurtful explicit material of pornography. Below are the key findings of this survey: ? â€Å"Nearly six in 10 have come into contact with online pornography. ? 38 per cent have seen a pornographic popup advert while doing something else. ? 36 per cent have accidentally found a pornographic website. ? 25 per cent have received pornographic junk mail by email or text. 10 per cent have visited a pornographic website on purpose. † (The Evening Standard, 2004, Pg. 6) In an article by Azy Barak and William A. Fisher (2001), the widespread porn on the internet and its progressive trend has been pointed out. â€Å"Current reports indicate variously that the online pornography industry will gross $366 million by 2001 (Spenger, 1999) or that it already grosses in excess of $1 billion (â€Å"Blue Money,† 1999), and reports indicate that a spectacular 69% of all e-commerce involves the purchase of sexual materials (â€Å"Blue Money,† 1999). Other sources report that 15% of all Internet users accessed one of the top five â€Å"Adult† websites in a recent month (Cooper et al, 1999), that sex is the most frequently searched topic on the Internet (Freeman-Longo & Blanchard, 1998), and that all of the top eight word searches on the Internet involve pornography (Sparrow & Griffiths, 1997). † (Barak and Fisher (2001)) The social and psychological effects of such ever more and cheaply accessible pornography on the minds of individuals, both adult and children is devastating. Such explicit images and videos contaminate the mentality and psyche leading towards appalling actions and exploitations. After engaging into extensive viewing of pornography, people get even more provoked and feel an even more intense need for sex. In order to satisfy such needs, people do incline towards forceful attempts, with both opposite genders and the same, even with children. According to an estimate, the attempts and incidents of rape in the United States rose substantially during 1995 to 1999. â€Å"This time interval is by all accounts a period of exponential growth in the availability and use of all forms of Internet sexually explicit materials (Cheney, 2000; Elmer-Dewitt, 1995; Freeman-Longo, 2000; Harmon & Boeringer, 1996; Mehta & Plaza, 1998; Rimm, 1995; Wysocki, 1998). † (Barak and Fisher (2001))

Psychoanalytic and Phenomenological Explanations of...

Individuals personalities and overall quality of living are significantly influenced by several interrelated sources ranging from ones upbringing and quality of relationships to their own feelings of self-esteem and worth. Though this may seem relatively easy and un-complex, countless people today are engaged in persistent antisocial, criminal behavior, and seem unable to find an alternative, legal, means of living. While many have tried to explain such behavior through various theories, the causes of criminal activity remain to be satisfactorily clarified. Essentially, antisocial criminal activity has two aspects to it. Antisocial behavior is that in which one shuns society and others, while criminal activity is the act of†¦show more content†¦First there is the conscious, which consists of the things people are constantly aware of. Next is the preconscious, which stores information that can be triggered into consciousness. Then exists the unconscious, where the insti ncts and information that people are unaware of exist. The majority of ones actions are controlled by the unconscious with little influence by the conscious. Problems arise when the conscious and unconscious mind are in conflict. As a result, anxiety occurs, and, as Freud said, people focus on releasing this tension through the use of defense mechanisms (Pervin, Cervone, John, 2005). All of the above mentioned facets of the psychoanalytic theory will help provide an explanation as to why people engage in antisocial criminal behavior. Clearly, according to the psychoanalytic theory, most of ones behavior is motivated by unconscious influences and one of the key goals in life is to avoid pain and anxiety. In order to accomplish this, humans employ the use of defense mechanisms. The main defense mechanism in psychoanalytic theory is repression, which is where a thought or feeling that will lead to tension and anxiety is kept out of ones consciousness (Pervin et al, 2005). Therefore, feelings such as hostility and sexual frustration may be repressed into the unconscious. However, the theory emphasizes the motivated unconscious, which means that even though a thought or feelingShow MoreRelatedOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagesobsessive–compulsive disorders (OCD). The possibility that a greater emphasis on cognitive factors might enhance a behavioral account of OCD can be traced back to Carr (1974), McFall and Wollersheim (1979), Rachman and Hodgson (1980), and Salkovskis (1985) . Behavior therapy in the form of exposure and response prevention (ERP), which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, proved to be a highly effective treatment for many forms of OCD. Behavioral research on obsessions and compulsions offered new insights into the

Accumulation Examples of Rhetorical Devices

Technology - 1399 Words

Then, according to Zahra (1996) article named Technology strategy and new venture performance: a study of corporate-sponsored and independent biotechnology ventures, the development of technology has given rise to many opportunities for enterprises in many ways. This article presents 10 hypotheses, and the author collects data from 112 new US Biotech Corp to test these hypotheses (Zahra, 1996). The original questionnaire was revised according to the feedback from 17 risk managers, and many respondents provided detailed comments on their companys operations and tracking records. In addition, more than 70% of respondents asked for a summary of the survey results, which indicated that they were interested in the study (Zahra, 1996). By†¦show more content†¦The research project combines the research of new products and new enterprises in order to make a more comprehensive assessment of relative success factors. This article is based on two studies which are focus on a questionna ire survey of 68 projects, using 24 CEOs of new technology companies as respondents to collect the data by giving the respondents some structured questions (Stuart and Abetti, 1987). And the paper puts forward many hypotheses about the success or failure factors of the company. Although this article only used a quantitative research method, a large number of samples increase the credibility of the data (Cooper, Schindler Sun, 2006). The findings confirm that the importance of entrepreneurs prior experience, knowledge base and skills, such as product innovation, technology and marketing strategy, which will play a key role in the start-up period of enterprises (Stuart and Abetti, 1987). However, important factors are considered to be abandoned, and these factors may also play a role in success, but the authors have not been able to capture their impact. In this paper, they should encourage the respondent to response the survey question in a more effective way to improve the reliabil ity of the data (Malterud, 2001). In Keh and Nguyen (2007) article ‘the effects of entrepreneurialShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Technology907 Words   |  4 PagesOther Name With the advancements of technology, what past generations have defined as traditionally being ‘intelligent’ is outdated in today’s age and Millennials have found new ways to be just as capable as the old generation. Elevating learning in a way that was once unimaginable in the past, technology is forging a path to open a brighter future built on achieving knowledge by technology and Millennials are taking wide strides across that path. Has technology truly been nothing, but a detrimentRead MoreEssay On Technology And Technology779 Words   |  4 PagesDoes Technology Actually Make Us Feel More Alone? When I think about the question of technology and the ability it has to make us feel â€Å"alone†, I think about myself, my family and my friends. As a millennial, I have grown up in such a technologically advanced world that it is becoming more and more of a second nature that children at young ages of 10 and 12 are receiving their first cellphone. While time progresses and the need for technology rises, our society as a whole is slowly startingRead MoreTechnology And Conversation : Technology971 Words   |  4 PagesRyan Fletcher 09/21/2015 Essay 1 Technology and conversation It is amazing how everyone’s life is changing by through us of technology. â€Å"Technology by definition means, the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science†(Technology). Today people use different kinds of technology like: cellphones, iPods, laptopsRead MoreTechnology And Modern Technology1392 Words   |  6 PagesWhen I see children as little as two using technology, I get worried. My niece Savanna loves having touch screens in her little hands, but it makes me wonder if her childhood could be wasted on the constantly developing technology of today. When I was a child, it was typical to go outside, get a little dirty, run around and have fun outside. Sadly, not all children are the same. How will these children feel? Will they be glad they were a part of the â€Å"app generation† or will they regret it later onRead MoreTechnology And Application Of Technologies Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesNew technology and application of technologies can enhance your professional Personal, and academic productivity in many ways. In the professional hospital setting technology has greatly increased patient satisfaction and safety. In a personal setting technologies have changes the way many people live, care for their families and pay bills. New technology has also greatly improved the academics with online classes, research, and. These new technological advances have greatly improved the way I canRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Technology957 Words   |  4 PagesAre we becoming way too dependent on technology and allowing it to take over our lives? The majority of people own at least one or more of these devices: a computer, laptop, tablet, or a cell phone. So man y people seem unable to function through their daily routine without having access to some form of technology device. I’m willing to bet that you have at least two of these devices in your home, too. Now, stop and think about how often we use technology devices throughout the day. As a result ofRead MoreEssay On Technology And Technology747 Words   |  3 PagesFull Title: Technology Appropriation Studies have shown that technology can help young children learn. The use of technology has become a part of most curriculums and when used appropriate it can be effective. The use of technology in early childhood classes can extend the way young children are learn. The use of technology can enhance learning, can help children communication, can become resourceful, and can shrink the educational and digital divide preparing them for the changing world. TheRead MoreTechnology And Technology Essay780 Words   |  4 Pages Technology Men who were exposed to electromagnetic radiation from laptop Wi-Fi for four hours had sperm with DNA damage and decreased motility. Technology can be good but as the saying goes, a little too much of something can be bad. Technology is great but can have a huge impact on an individual. Too much technology can even affect families and the way people communicate and socialize with them. All of this can also affect people in the long run. How would someone’s life be if all they do is surroundRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Technology1411 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology and its Effects The term technology originated from the Greek word ‘technologia’. Technology refers to the use of machines and various tools that make our daily work lives simpler, easier and organized. The word also refers to the different tools, gadgets, and resources used by humans so as to help them control and adapt to their environment appropriately (Bridgman, 5}. Technology also refers to the knowledge of techniques and processes and is embedded mostly in machines used as factorsRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Technology971 Words   |  4 Pagesme, the technology is just like a door which brings me to an absolutely new world. It is also like a wire that connects me and the outside world. The first thing that I do before getting up and the last thing that I do before going asleep is checking my cell phone. Every day, I do homework, write blogs, send and receive emails, take photos, know about the latest news, and chat with friends with the aid of technologies. My attitude toward technology is complex. I am obsessed with technology which makes

Lockheed Tri Star Free Essays

Investment Analysis and Lockheed Tri Star Problem Sets February 25, 2013 1a. The results of NPV, payback and IRR calculations are the following. For payback method, Rainbow Product will pay back the original investment costs after 7 years. We will write a custom essay sample on Lockheed Tri Star or any similar topic only for you Order Now Net Present Value is -$946 and IRR is 11. 49%. Rainbow Products should not purchase the machine according to the results of NPV and IRR calculation. The net present value of purchasing this new equipment is negative, and the internal rate of return is less than the cost of capital; thus both calculations confirm that the investment will not provide additional value to the company. Of course the payback method shows that the instrument will have paid back the cost in 7 years but does not take into consideration discounting present values. 1b. If Rainbow accepts the â€Å"Good As New† service plan, net present value will be a positive $2,500 and IRR will be 12. 86%, greater than the cost of capital. The investment would also pay back the cost in 8 years. Rainbow should purchase the machine under this service plan as it results in a positive net value and the internal rate of return is greater than the cost of capital. c. If Rainbow chooses the reinvestment option, net present value is $15,000 and IRR is 15. 43%. Therefore, the best investment decision is to accept option C, where engineers reinvest 20% of the savings that help cash flows grow 4% in perpetuity. Figure 1 (applicable to question 1a~1c) 2. Using the IRR rule, I recommend renting a larger stand as it yields the greatest rate of return. Using the NPV rule, I recommend building a larger stand. IRR rule can be misleading in this case as this problem is comparing 4 mutually exclusive projects and given the stats, IRR for one out of four of these projects yields a much higher value, but none of these IRR values take discounting rate into consideration. Therefore, NPV is a better method. Figure 2 3. The NPV of this project is $100,000. 1,100 shares of common stock should be issued at the current price of $100. Issuing new stocks will increase shares of the stock in the market and therefore reduce the value of the stock of existing shareholders. Lockheed Tri Star Case Questions At 210 unit production levels, the true value of the Tri Star program is negative $584. 04 million. At break-even production of 300 units, Lockheed actually lost roughly $274 million. At around 400 production units, Lockheed would achieve economic break even. The decision to pursue the Tri Star program was unreasonable due to a miscalculated break even point. At 210 unit production, the net present value was roughly negative $182 million referring that Lockheed would have needed to produce somewhere between 210 units to 300 units to achieve true break even. In addition, given the overly optimistic 10% growth rate that calculated double the total of true aircraft market, Lockheed would have needed to either capture more than 50% of the market for aircraft to breakeven. Between 1967 and 1971, the price of Lockheed’s common stock dropped about $50. With 11. 3 million shares outstanding, this comes to about -$565 million. We see that the original NPV with 210 unit production results in about similar value as the drop in the total value of the common stocks outstanding. How to cite Lockheed Tri Star, Papers

Gross Domestic Product

Question: Write an essay on Gross Domestic Product. Answer: Gross Domestic Product a measure of the wealth of a country. It is calculated as thef final value goods and services produced in a country . some of the elements calculated on are GDP are investment; government expenditure; consumption by private individuals and exports less imports.,thus total GDP= Investment + Government Expenditure + Consumption + [Export Import) . The purchases made by government are the government expenditure. The transfer payment is not considered as a component of GDP. This is because; it is a one-way transfer of money and involves on exchange of goods and services (Hubbard, 2009). This implies that this money does not create any value to the production of the country. It is generally measured annually to observe the annual change in an economy Therefore, from the given data, the transfer payment will not be taken into account while calculating the GDP of the country A and B. We can evaluate the economies of the two countries given the data . the GDP of the two countries are however equal, thus we have two analyze the different components of the GDP.In the given data of two countries, the values of each component are same.Acquisition value of fixed assets is represented by Gross Fixed Capital Expenditure .. However, improvement in the value of land is considered as fixed capital expenditure. Fixed capital increase in an economy indicate a vibrant phase in the economy. Therefore, when the fixed capital expenditure is increased then the country is in a prosperous condition and this in turn will further increase the fixed capital expenditure. Patterns of consumption and investment play a key role in the economy of a country. countries that consume most of their income as the United States, tend to invest relatively little and show a moderate rate of economic growth, whereas those who consume a small portion of their income tend to invest much (Pissarides, 20 00). We try to understand how individuals choose between saving and consumption and see because the poor tend to save less than the rich. also we study the determinants of investment, including factors such as taxes are, times of interest and expectations. Hence, recession phase is indicated when the gross fixed capital expenditure declines. As shown in the given data country B has a higher gross fixed capital expenditure as compared to country A, thus it can be concluded that country B is doing better economically as compared to country A. With regards to inventory changes indicate final good demand changes. When there is an increase in inventory , it indicates that final goods demands has fallen and vice versa. Thus there will be less production of goods by the manufacturese to let the inventory clear first. Country B inventory is negative , which represents high demand for the goods as the goods are getting cleared, which indicates a vibrant economy in country B, On the other hand, country As inventory is accumulating, which means that the people are not consuming goods to clear, hence the lack of demand and the countrys economy is not doing well. Hence, country A is most likely to be falling into a recession. Real GDP is the production of final goods and services produced within a country but at constant prices, ie real GDP eliminates price changes over the years, while nominal GDP or current prices does reflect these annual changes, either increases (inflation) or decreases (deflation).GDP at constant prices is calculated from the prices of a year taken as a base and can therefore isolate the changes brought on prices. As a result, this measure gives us the possibility to compare the actual production of a given country at different periods of time.Although real GDP growth does not pick up the technological changes that constantly modify the characteristics of the goods and services produced by an economy is however the best way to calculate the economic growth of a nation. Hence the real GDP growth provides the best information on the growth of an economy. Real GDP growth rate=real GDP in period n- real GDP in period (n-1) Real GDP in period (n-1) Year Real GDP (Constant 2005 $US) Real GDP Growth Rate 1980 305,649,174,623 - 1981 315,913,311,664 3.36 1982 326,405,727,600 3.32 1983 319,124,920,882 -2.23 1984 333,891,256,176 4.63 1985 351,418,812,598 5.25 1986 365,832,353,236 4.10 1987 375,250,680,515 2.57 1988 396,899,035,562 5.77 1989 412,293,558,478 3.88 1990 426,843,954,277 3.53 1991 425,222,444,977 -0.38 1992 426,919,112,438 0.40 1993 444,252,603,756 4.06 1994 462,191,286,542 4.04 1995 480,119,873,455 3.88 1996 499,080,482,890 3.95 1997 518,780,895,427 3.95 1998 541,805,654,425 4.44 1999 568,934,385,594 5.01 2000 590,944,509,406 3.87 2001 602,346,114,749 1.93 2002 625,576,717,369 3.86 2003 644,786,919,208 3.07 2004 671,541,542,213 4.15 2005 693,075,477,372 3.21 2006 713,749,019,841 2.98 2007 740,569,266,017 3.76 2008 768,019,943,343 3.71 2009 781,995,435,291 1.82 2010 797,777,527,534 2.02 2011 816,761,133,123 2.38 2012 846,431,780,635 3.63 2013 867,085,131,359 2.44 2014 888,760,969,615 2.50 Inflation is calculated using the formulae below Inflation rate=CPI of Period (N)- CPI of period(N-1) * 100 CPI of Period (N-1) In this paper, we shall analyse Australia GDP growth and compare it with the inflation rate for Australia from the year 1980 through to 2015. We shall be seeking to establish what was the change in GDP growth rate in various inflation rates in this economy and the policies that would have been implemented to change the situation. The CPI is the most widely used index to analyze the evolution of prices. Quantifies the trajectory of prices of a basket of goods and services that are considered representative of the average consumption pattern of households (Berlatsky, 2013). There was a contraction of the economy in 1983 and also 1991, the contraction was attribute to many factors including slow manufacturing of exports due to recession. The negative growth rate in the economy for the year 1983 and 1991 portray an economy that is struggling. During this period 1982 and 18983 there was high inflation some of which were the highest to be recorded in the country of more than 10%. However, as the data shows Australias GDP has been growing steadily over the last two decades. Due to the high inflation especially in 1982 and 1983 we can see that the GDP growth rate recorded was negative. In early 1980s this country was deregulated and liberalized (Borjas, 2005).. This meant that inflation generated the contraction of the economy to $319,124,920,882 in 1984. There was also recession between the year 1992 1993 a period in which the GDP stagnated , as observed also, during this period inflation rose to 8% from an average of 6.8% in 1990 indicating that there is a direct relationship between inflation and GDP in this country. In 1998, when inflation was at a record low of 0.15, the Australian economy recorded one of the highest growth rate of over 5%. However, policy makers in the country can be lauded for managing to keep the inflation rates over the yaers at minimal rates. For a country to ensure that its economy grows it must ensure that inflation rates are at minimum levels. During the global financial crisis Australias economy was not left behind , there was adverse effects to the economy. one of them was a high inflation although the economy managed to record a growth rate of 3.71% in that year, the iflation rate rose to 4.27%. the graph shows that when the growth rate slope is positive the inflation rate is negative which represents an inverse relationship between the two indicators. Economic growth is negatively affected by high inflation rate or a rise in inflation. The inflation rate measures the growth in the general level of prices..These indices are studying the average change in prices of a list of products representative of the families of a country, which is known as "shopping cart" and set their rate of change in annual terms based on the monthly price controls .A situation of price stability occurs when, on average and in the medium term, prices or rise or fall significantly.The general price level is stable when an individual can buy with your salary a set of goods and services like year to year.Most banks estimate that inflation rates should remain positive but below 3% in the medium term. Inflation occurs when the purchasing power of a currency decreases, to the extent that the amount of circulating currency is above the real demand.In other words, when the money supply grows at a rate higher than the growth rate of money demand.The causes of inflation are usually multiple, and some of them may be:Monetization of government deficitsWhen a government has fiscal deficit, often used to finance its deficit through a borrowing or by issuing currency.An expansionary monetary policy (Canterbery, 2011). The reseve bank of Australia decides to increase the money supply to stimulate production. However, if the demand for money or production does not grow along with the offer, you can generate inflation inflation can also be attributed to high demand inflation demand for goods and services in an economy is greater than the supply thereof.The productive capacity can not increase at the same pace with the growing demand for goods, and an inflationary pressure is created.Cost inflationThe prices of final products increased by costs incurred in production, whether costs of labor, raw materials, machinery, services, etc.Structural inflationThe production structure of a country can produce an increase in prices. A particular sector, for example, can trigger increased prices to the rest of the economy. If the cost of production is high, the firm has less incentive to produce goods and services at the same price. hence, they would charge a higher price. This will in turn increase the inflation rate. As the price level gets higher the less demand will be created, which will lead to fall in aggregate demand and producer will reduce its production. Therefore, rise in inflation leads to fall in GDP, that causes growth rate to fall. Moreover, the high inflation rate occurs due to high wage of the labors. However, as much as we want to say that rise in infalation negatively affects the GDP growth , it it important to note that when inflation is very low or negative producers may be discouraged to produce hence hampering economic growth. There unemployment is the situation where people are taking age, ability and desire to work do not take or can get a job. It is an involuntary idleness of a person who wants to find work. A person is unemployed when it meets four conditions: (1) is of work ing age, (2) have no work, (3) is looking for work, and (4) is available to work.In this vein unemployment is an involuntary phenomenon, both on individuals and on the side of the companies, ie people who want to be employed are not employed and companies, as there is unemployment, receive income that would be possible if there were full employment or unemployment is lower (Hotchkiss, 2003). Australia, is one of the worlds most developed countries. But you find that it is hard to absorb the entire workforce (all who wish to work). Unemployment is calculated using the following method Unemployment rate = unemployed / Workforce * 100 Unemployment Rate and Growth Rate of Australia Year Unemployment Rate Real GDP Growth Rate 1980 6.21 - 1981 6.04 3.36 1982 6.66 3.32 1983 10.42 -2.23 1984 9.72 4.63 1985 9.18 5.25 1986 8.45 4.10 1987 8.97 2.57 1988 8.02 5.77 1989 6.67 3.88 1990 6.51 3.53 1991 9.59 -0.38 1992 10.90 0.40 1993 11.28 4.06 1994 10.78 4.04 1995 9.01 3.88 1996 8.80 3.95 1997 8.98 3.95 1998 8.22 4.44 1999 7.35 5.01 2000 6.88 3.87 2001 6.77 1.93 2002 6.74 3.86 2003 6.43 3.07 2004 5.71 4.15 2005 5.44 3.21 2006 5.12 2.98 2007 4.71 3.76 2008 4.30 3.71 2009 6.04 1.82 2010 5.75 2.02 2011 5.23 2.38 2012 5.50 3.63 2013 5.96 2.44 2014 6.23 2.50 2015 6.47 - Source: Databank.worldbank.org 2016 In this section we shall be analysing Australia unemployment rate history from 1980 through to 2015 and relating the unemployment rate with the GDP growth rate of the country from the above table. As the economy grows, unemployment rate drops, Australia has experienced two major recession phases which are 1983 and 1991, 1992 and 1993. Looking at the table, it is not suprising to see that this are the periods that recorded highest unemployment rates ever. In 1993, real GDP growth fell by -2.23% which resulted to an unemployment rate of 10.42%. in 1991 and 1992, the economy slumped by -0.38% and 0.40% respectively. Subsequently, unemployment rate rose to 9.29% and 10.9% respectively. On the other hand, it is clear to see that in 2006, when GDP grew by 2.98% unemployment was 5.12%. in 2007, GDP grew by 3.76% consequently, unemployment droped by 4.71%. this suggests that when the economy grows there are more jobs created thus the relationship between unemployment and GDP growth is inverse. However, it is worth to note that in despite a fall in the growth rate, the unemployment rate is still falling. This happens because of flexible labor market and flexible wages awarded. Moreover, when the production falls, the firms do not reduce their number of workers employed; rather they reduce the number of working hours. Due to flexibility in the labor market the wage of labors are not rigid in nature. As a result of this, the wage is being reduced instead of the numbers of workers involved another reason for this is The fall in growth rate may also occur due to diminishing marginal returns. The government of Australia should put in place fiscal measure that ensure that unemployment in the country is tackled since as it emerges unemployment is on the rise. To improve the situation of the economies and, therefore, employment, governments should not intervene in the business side of economies. That is, companies should not ride or take them private and much less rescue one that is failing. Some of the measures are through reductions of taxes and provision of subsidies to emable those sectors create jobs for the people. the first step to reduce unemployment is to let the private sector take precedence over the public sector in business terms. The role of governments in business regulation should be limited to activities to protect consumers and workers against exploitation and to establish bases of equal competition. Investing in basic services, especially in education, very important, and little else.Job creation comes from companies that invest and create. Governments will only hinder when they take private resources and artificially create jobs in the long run, and not so long, impoverishes the economy. The Australian government should therefore create an enabling macro economic environment to enable investors create jobs through creating good fiscal and monetary policies that ensure that there will be creation of jobs within the economy.. This is one of the most efficient ways of ensuring that there is GDP growth which in turn ensures creation of jobs. However , Unemploymentlevelsrangeconsiderablyby changes in thelevel ofmovement of thejobmarket ,triggered bytechnological change , whichresults inchange of employment from one organization to another , from oneindustryto anotherand alsofrom onelocationto another ;additionallyalso by age ,genderand race (Autor, 2009). The overall unemploymentlevelis one of themost commonlyto measure the overall economic well-being indicators ,howevergiven the dispersion of unemployment , should be considered to be in imperfect indicator of the wellbeing of people. Year Real GDP (Constant 2005 $US) 1980 305,649,174,623 1981 315,913,311,664 1982 326,405,727,600 1983 319,124,920,882 1984 333,891,256,176 1985 351,418,812,598 1986 365,832,353,236 1987 375,250,680,515 1988 396,899,035,562 1989 412,293,558,478 1990 426,843,954,277 1991 425,222,444,977 1992 426,919,112,438 1993 444,252,603,756 1994 462,191,286,542 1995 480,119,873,455 1996 499,080,482,890 1997 518,780,895,427 1998 541,805,654,425 1999 568,934,385,594 2000 590,944,509,406 2001 602,346,114,749 2002 625,576,717,369 2003 644,786,919,208 2004 671,541,542,213 2005 693,075,477,372 2006 713,749,019,841 2007 740,569,266,017 2008 768,019,943,343 2009 781,995,435,291 2010 797,777,527,534 2011 816,761,133,123 2012 846,431,780,635 2013 867,085,131,359 2014 888,760,969,615 References Abs.gov.au. (2016).6401.0 - Consumer Price Index, Australia, Mar 2016. [online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/6401.0Mar%202016?OpenDocument [Accessed 23 May 2016]. Data.worldbank.org. (2016).Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) | Data | Table. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS [Accessed 23 May 2016]. Databank.worldbank.org. (2016).World Development Indicators| World DataBank. [online] Available at: https://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators [Accessed 23 May 2016]. Autor, D. (2009).Studies of labor market intermediation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Berlatsky, N. (2013).Inflation. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press. Borjas, G. (2005).Labor economics. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Cahuc, P., Carcillo, S. and Zylberberg, A. (n.d.).Labor economics. Canterbery, E. (2011).The global great recession. Singapore: World Scientific. Dryden, A. (n.d.).The recession. Flinn, C. (2010).The minimum wage and labor market outcomes. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Hotchkiss, J. (2003).The labor market experience of workers with disabilities. Kalamazoo, Mich.: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. Hubbard, R. (2009).Macro economics. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Krusell, P. and Rudanko, L. (2012).Unions in a frictional labor market. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Labor market regional review. (2010). Lincoln, Neb.: Nebraska Dept. of Labor. Oslington, P. (2006).The theory of international trade and unemployment. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Pissarides, C. (2000).Equilibrium unemployment theory. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Pissarides, C. (2000).Equilibrium unemployment theory. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Weil, D. (2005).Economic growth. Boston: Addison-Wesley.